Yoga vid långvarig smärta. En systematisk litteraturstudie

Background: Patients with chronic pain are treated with various forms of treatment in primary care. Chronic pain is a major health problem and a disease in itself. It affects many factors in life, both physical and mental. Calmer forms of yoga aims to bring balance to the body with increased flexibility and strength, breathing gives focus and relaxation while meditation could calm the mind. Objective: with a literature study, investigate the effects provided by yoga, to patients with chronic pain for pain intensity, functional limitations, psychological factors and quality of life. Method: Search was made in Pubmed, Cinahl, Medline and Swemed +. Thirteen articles were included in the study. Pedros scale used in the quality assessment of studies and CMSG for evidence grading of outcome measures. Results: Yoga shown to have positive effects for patients with chronic pain in the low back with reduced pain intensity, increased physical function and psychological factors with the highest level of evidence according CMSG. Support under the second highest level of evidence was found to reduce pain intensity and physical function in chronic pain in the neck and in fibromyalgia, effects of psychological factors in fibromyalgia and improved quality of life in chronic pain in the neck. Conclusion: Yoga is a good treatment option for patients with chronic pain. Evidence was found that yoga reduced pain intensity, increase physical function and positive impact of psychological factors on low back pain, there was support for the same effects for fibromyalgia.Bakgrund: Patienter med långvarig smärta behandlas med olika behandlingsformer inom primärvården. Långvarig smärta är ett stort hälsoproblem och en sjukdom i sig. Det påverkar många faktorer i livet, både fysiska och psykiska. Lugnare former av yoga syftar till att ge balans i kroppen med ökad flexibilitet och styrka, andningen ger fokus och avslappning medan meditationen ska lugna sinnet. Syfte: Att med en litteraturstudie undersöka vilka effekter yoga ger på patienter med långvarig smärta avseende smärtintensitet, funktionsinskränkningar, psykologiska faktorer och livskvalitet. Metod: Sökning gjordes i Pubmed, Cinahl, Medline och Swemed +. Tretton artiklar inkluderades i studien. PEDros skala användes vid kvalitetsgranskning av studierna och CMSG för evidensgradering av utfallsmåtten. Resultat: Yoga visades ha positiv effekt för patienter med långvarig smärta i ländrygg med minskad smärtintensitet, ökad fysisk funktion och psykologiska faktorer med högsta evidensnivån enligt CMSG. Stöd enligt den näst högsta nivån av evidens fanns för minskad smärtintensitet och ökad fysisk funktion vid långvarig smärta i nacke och vid fibromyalgi, effekt på psykologiska faktorer vid fibromyalgi och för ökad livskvalitet vid långvarig smärta i nacke. Konklusion: Yoga är ett bra behandlingsalternativ för patienter med långvarig smärta. Evidens fanns för att yoga minskar smärtintensitet, ökar fysisk funktion och ger positiv effekt på psykologiska faktorer vid ländryggsbesvär, stöd fanns för samma effekter vid fibromyalgi

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Språkets makt i förskolan : En litteraturstudie med fokus på pedagogers användning av språket som maktinstrument.

En litteraturstudie som analyserar och studerar artiklar, avhandlingar och antologier. Syftet är att undersöka vilken makt pedagoger har i användandet av språket i mötet med barnen, med fokus på vilken makt som synliggörs och hur den upprätthålls genom språket av pedagogerna i förskolans verksamhet. Studien belyser den omedvetna makt som vägleder individen i sättet att tänka mot ett bestämt mål och som utgör osynliga ramar för hur samhället fungerar. En diskursiv ansats antas för att sammanfatta befintlig forskning där empirin analyseras för att kunna förstå problemområdet. Teoretisk utgångspunkt är Foucaults maktteori och det postmodernistiska synsättet vilka båda synliggör förgivettagna mönster. Resultatet visar att pedagogers oreflekterade språkliga handlingar utgår från förgivettaganden och historiska arv och används i mötet tillsammans med barnen på förskolan. Detta kan leda till maktutövning då omedvetna normer och värden kan förstås som ”sanningar” vilka överförs till barnen.

Språkets makt i förskolan : En litteraturstudie med fokus på pedagogers användning av språket som maktinstrument.

En litteraturstudie som analyserar och studerar artiklar, avhandlingar och antologier. Syftet är att undersöka vilken makt pedagoger har i användandet av språket i mötet med barnen, med fokus på vilken makt som synliggörs och hur den upprätthålls genom språket av pedagogerna i förskolans verksamhet. Studien belyser den omedvetna makt som vägleder individen i sättet att tänka mot ett bestämt mål och som utgör osynliga ramar för hur samhället fungerar. En diskursiv ansats antas för att sammanfatta befintlig forskning där empirin analyseras för att kunna förstå problemområdet. Teoretisk utgångspunkt är Foucaults maktteori och det postmodernistiska synsättet vilka båda synliggör förgivettagna mönster. Resultatet visar att pedagogers oreflekterade språkliga handlingar utgår från förgivettaganden och historiska arv och används i mötet tillsammans med barnen på förskolan. Detta kan leda till maktutövning då omedvetna normer och värden kan förstås som ”sanningar” vilka överförs till barnen.

Genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma identifies two susceptibility loci on 2p21 and 11q13.3

Contains fulltext : 97937.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 3,772 affected individuals (cases) and 8,505 controls of European background from 11 studies and followed up 6 SNPs in 3 replication studies of 2,198 cases and 4,918 controls. Two loci on the regions of 2p21 and 11q13.3 were associated with RCC susceptibility below genome-wide significance. Two correlated variants (r(2) = 0.99 in controls), rs11894252 (P = 1.8 x 10) and rs7579899 (P = 2.3 x 10), map to EPAS1 on 2p21, which encodes hypoxia-inducible-factor-2 alpha, a transcription factor previously implicated in RCC. The second locus, rs7105934, at 11q13.3, contains no characterized genes (P = 7.8 x 10(1)). In addition, we observed a promising association on 12q24.31 for rs4765623, which maps to SCARB1, the scavenger receptor class B, member 1 gene (P = 2.6 x 10). Our study reports previously unidentified genomic regions associated with RCC risk that may lead to new etiological insights